<p>The Brinton Museum located on the Quarter Circle A Ranch and formerly known as the Bradford Brinton Memorial Museum, is a museum and historic ranch located 2 mi southwest of Big Horn, Wyoming. The ranch was built in 1893 by William Moncreiffe, a Scottish immigrant and successful businessman. In 1923, Bradford Brinton bought the ranch from Moncreiffe and expanded it to its current appearance. Brinton collected art and historical materials, particularly those relating to Native American history; after his death in 1936, his sister Helen converted the ranch to a museum displaying his collections.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming’s rolling Bighorn Mountains envelop The Brinton Museum on the Quarter Circle A Ranch. Its sweeping landscape and surrounding mountain range have been the muse of treasured American artists from Remington to Borein to Gollings, and the setting for rich cultural traditions integral to the American Indian tribes inhabiting this region. Today, it serves as a gleaming example of Wyoming’s transformation, and continues to delight and inspire artists and guests from around the world.</p><br>
<p>At the heart of The Brinton Museum is the art, historic documents, books and furnishings that made up Bradford Brinton’s original collection, which showcase the elegant and eclectic tastes of this well-educated Western gentleman. The permanent collection is on display in long-term exhibitions in the new facility as well as in its original setting in the Brinton Ranch House, and complemented by frequently changing shows featuring art of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Each exhibition has been thoughtfully curated to tell a distinctive story of the American West through historical and contemporary perspectives. Through careful preservation and discriminating acquisition of new pieces, The Brinton honors the art and craftsmanship of the West and Bradford Brinton’s intent to support both.</p><br>
<p>The Brinton’s world-class staff guides visitors to understand celebrated artists of the past, their works, and how they’ve inspired contemporary artists to explore and expand the art of the American West. Through home and museum tours, hands-on educational programming, artists’ series and a variety of special events that celebrate The Brinton and the riches of the Quarter Circle A Ranch, students of all ages leave The Brinton Museum with a deeper connection to art, American history, and the spectacular environment that surrounds them.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Brinton Museum opened its new state-of-the-art Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Building on June 15, 2015. Located on the 620-acre historic Quarter Circle A Ranch in Big Horn, WY, the new 24,000-square-foot $15.8-million, eco-conscious museum houses one of the most significant and extensive 19th and 20th century Western and American Indian Art collections in the USA featuring Frederic Remington, Charles Russell, Thomas Moran, Edward Borein, Winold Reiss, and the largest Hans Kleiber collection in the world. It includes four galleries, a museum store and the Brinton Bistro, which offers indoor and outdoor dining with 180-degree views of the Bighorn Mountains. Many generous private donors and foundations helped to make the new Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Building possible.</p><br>
<p>The new three-story space was designed by the Sheridan, WY Architecture/ Engineering firm of Malone Belton Abel P.C. to reveal and honor the beauty of the area, while aligning with the natural geography of the ranch. Nestled into the hillside, it is anchored by a two-foot thick, 51-foot high, 209-foot long arced structural rammed earth wall, the tallest in North America. Principal Architect Timothy Belton, AIA, explains the design as symbolically integrating the space, honoring both the original family that began the collection and the spiritual nature of its American Indian Art collections. Climate-controlled galleries and a 4,000-square foot high-tech storage facility can now accommodate thousands of pieces of art, allowing The Brinton Museum to better preserve and exhibit current and new works and collections by iconic artists.</p><br>
<p>Because of this, The Gallatin Collection was recently gifted to the museum by Fr. Peter Powell of the Foundation for the Preservation of American Indian Art and Culture in Chicago. Originally compiled by the Gallatin Family in Big Horn, highlights of the collection have been on view at the Art Institute of Chicago for more than 45 years. The complete collection features more than 100 pieces of American Indian art and artifacts, 60 of which are on permanent display in The Brinton Museum’s new John and Adrienne Mars American Indian Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Bradford Brinton’s sister, Helen Brinton, founded The Brinton Museum in 1960, and it was opened to the public as the Bradford Brinton Memorial in June 1961. Her mission was to share Brinton’s original collection of art, historic documents, books and furnishings assembled in the early 1900s, which showcase the elegant and eclectic tastes of a well-educated Western gentleman who befriended and supported the top artists of his time. Today, The Brinton Museum showcases its historic and contemporary collections in long-term and changing exhibitions in the original Brinton Ranch House and throughout its new Western, American Indian and contemporary galleries. The Quarter Circle A Ranch also includes expansive gardens and a greenhouse, Little Goose Creek Lodge, and multiple 1900s-era buildings such as the Carriage Barn that houses a historic automobile, J.I. Case truck and various farm implements, and a saddle barn full of horse gear. In the next two years, The Brinton Museum also will convert its original 5,000-square-foot museum space into an education center.</p><br>
<p>“The Brinton Museum is the only museum in the USA that maintains a significant historic and ever-expanding Western and American Indian art collection on a beautifully maintained historic property at the foot of a mountain range,” said Schuster. “The art, as well as the Quarter Circle A Ranch property, are an American treasure.”</p><br>
<p>The ranch was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Henness Pass, elevation 6,916 ft, is a mountain pass northwest of Reno on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in Sierra County, California. The pass is traversed by Henness Pass Road, a mostly unpaved road not generally passable by automobiles in winter. Portions of the road are recommended for high clearance vehicles only.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the well-known Sierra Nevada passes, it lies on the Great Basin Divide. Here, the Middle Yuba River flows west to the Pacific Ocean, and the Little Truckee River flows east into the Great Basin.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Henness Pass Road was a travel route used by Native Americans and then immigrants and local mining communities during the Gold Rush era. Beginning in the late 1850s, the road was a major supply route for the silver and gold mines in Nevada. From there it was carried by wagons, with part of the route being via the Bridgeport Covered Bridge and the, which connected to the road to Henness Pass at North San Juan.</p><br>
<p>Henness Pass is named for, who is credited with developing the route in 1849 or 1850 as an alternative to Donner Pass. In 1855 the road was officially surveyed by D.B. Scott when the California Legislature passed An Act to Construct a Wagon Road over the Sierra Nevada range, but a route through El Dorado County approximating the current path of USA Route 50 was ultimately chosen.</p><br>
<p>The Henness Pass route was eclipsed by completion in 1868 of the First Transcontinental Railroad as far as Reno via Donner Pass. Henness Pass and its namesake road still provide the only crossing of any significance between Yuba Pass (State Route 49) to the north and Donner Summit (Interstate 80) to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Gregg House is a historic house at 339 Gregg Street in Fayetteville, Arkansas, near the University of Arkansas campus. It was built in 1871 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A 2½ story Georgian home built on large sandstone blocks, the Gregg House has brick exterior walls generally 1 ft thick. The two story portico is open to the air on the second floor and enclosed by glass panels on the first floor. Two chimneys provide access for eight fireplaces. A small 1½ story building is connected via a breezeway, called an "ice house" by the Gregg family. The property is bordered by an ornamental iron fence and large trees.</p><br>
<h2>Eponym</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette Gregg relocated to northwest Arkansas from Moulton, Alabama as a child in 1835. After growing up on a Washington County farm, Gregg read law in Fayetteville and passed the bar exam, rising to become a prominent attorney in town. During the Civil War, Gregg was in charge of the Fourth Arkansas Cavalry (Federal) He was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives after the war, later becoming the prosecutor for the Fourth Circuit, Chancellor of the Pulaski Chancery Court, and an associate justice on the Arkansas Supreme Court. Gregg also secured support for locating the Arkansas Industrial University in Fayetteville (now known as the University of Arkansas). Following its founding in 1871, Gregg was elected to the Board of Trustees. Gregg also became president of the Bank of Fayetteville and was defeated in a gubernatorial bid by Simon Pollard Hughes, Jr. Following his death in 1891, courts, businesses, banks, and the university all closed on the day of Gregg&#39;s funeral. He is buried in nearby Evergreen Cemetery with several other influential Fayetteville residents.</p><br>
<p>Central Intermediate School  is an historic school building in Honolulu, Hawaii, built on the grounds of Keoua Hale, the former palace of Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani of Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A large palace for Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani was built on this site in 1878. After she died in 1883, her estate passed to her first cousin, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who died in 1884. The palace, named Keoua Hale, was sold to the government to be used for educational purposes. In 1895, Honolulu High School (formerly Fort Street English Day School) classes were held there until 1907, when the school was renamed McKinley High School and relocated to a new building facing Thomas Square (later renamed Linekona School). Central Grammar School then took its place.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, Central Grammar School was designated a forerunner of what would become the "English Standard" type of public school. Soon thereafter, English-language exams were required for entrance. Plans for a new building were commissioned to accommodate the rapid growth of students going on to secondary schools during the booming 1920s. The palace was demolished, and the makai wing of the new building opened in 1925. (One can still see the name "Keelikolani School" engraved over the first-story windows on that side.) After the other two wings were completed in 1927, Central Grammar School became Central Junior High School, one of only six public secondary schools in Honolulu at the time. In 1932, all junior high schools were renamed intermediate schools.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original design of the school was drawn up in 1922 by the prominent architectural firm of Walter Emory and Marshall Webb, who also designed such notable buildings as the grand Tudor Revival residence of Charles M. Cooke, Jr. (1912), the eclectic Indian-Western-style Honpa Hongwanji Hawaii Betsuin Buddhist Temple (1918), and the Neoclassical Revival and Art Deco Hawaii Theatre (1921). Their first design showed more influences of the Mediterranean Revival style that characterized many public buildings of that era, but they modified the plans in 1924 to add more Neoclassical Revival features, such as Ionic and Corinthian columns. This style was further enhanced by the Territorial building inspector at the time, Harry K. Stewart, a graduate of Central Grammar School who went on to design many other public buildings in the Territory, such as Baldwin High School and Molokai Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The Julia B. and Fred P. Bowen House is a historic house located at 220 East Union Street in Richland Center, Wisconsin. It is locally significant as an example of Italianate architecture, and because of its association with Julia Busby Bowen.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a rectangular Italianate-style house with a Second Empire-style addition. Centered on a large square lot, the mam facade of the house faces south, and is set behind a well-manicured lawn. The main rectangular block of the two-story house is defined by a low-pitched hipped roof, with broad overhanging eaves. The main facade is adorned with a two story, Classical Revival ionic portico, flanked on each side by one story side porches. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Lake Shipp is almost round in shape. This lake is a natural freshwater lake with a 276 acre surface area. This lake is bordered on the north, northwest and the southwest sides by residential areas. On the east and part of the southeast are warehouses and business buildings. William G. Roe Park is on the southeast shore and Sertoma Park, officially called Lake Shipp Park, is on the west side of Lake Shipp.</p><br>
<p>The public has considerable public access to portions of the shore of this lake, although there are no public swimming areas. Two parks provide access. Lake Shipp Park, also known as Sertoma Park, is along much of the west side of Lake Shipp. This park has four shelterhouses, thirteen picnic tables, five softball fields, two soccer fields, a playground, a boat ramp, canoe access to the lake and fishing access. The other park, William G. Roe Park, is on the southwest side of the lake. This park has a large boat launcing area. Also, boaters can use three canals leaving Lake Shipp to access other area lakes. The canal to the south meanders for miles to the south and southwest.</p><br>
<p>The Hook and Bullet site says Lake Shipp has the following fishes: pumpkinseed, channel catfish, bullhead, bluegill, redear sunfish, largemouth bass, redbreast sunfish.</p><br>
<p>The EBF Bridge over Powder River is a bridge located near Leiter, Wyoming, which carries Sheridan County Road CN3-269 over the Powder River. The 201.5 ft bridge has two spans; the first span is a Pratt through truss, while the second span is a Warren truss. Due to this configuration, the bridge has been called "one of more interesting vehicular trusses". The trusses in the bridge are connected rigidly rather than by pins; the bridge was built in a transitional period between the two designs and is an early example of rigid connections. The Gregg & Stout Bridge Company of Sheridan built the bridge in 1915.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the National Register for its role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>Vileyka Reservoir  is a water reservoir in the Vileyka-Minsk water system. It is the largest artificial lake in Belarus.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Vileyka Reservoir is the largest artificial reservoir of Belarus, second in size to the largest natural lake, Lake Narach. It has a surface area of 64.6 km, a length of 27 km, a width of 3 km, a maximum depth of 13 m, an average volume of 238 million cubic meters. Catchment area is 4120 square kilometers, mineralization of water - 280–320 mg/l.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vileyka reservoir construction was started in 1968. The reservoir was created to increase the amount of fresh water for the republics capital Minsk. For this purpose it was necessary to transfer some of the large Belarusian rivers flow into the river Svislach. Along with the construction of the reservoir was built the Vileyka water channel through which water from the Viliya (Neris) and from the Svislach passed east of the reservoir. The water rises to the level of more than 70 meters with a few Hydraulic power station. The Viliya river was dammed in 1973, and in early 1975 water from the reservoir went through the channel to the capital, Minsk. The annual transfer of water is 575 million tons.</p><br>
<p>John Mercer Langston School is an historic structure located in the Truxton Circle neighborhood in Washington, D.C. The two-story brick building was designed by Appleton P. Clark, Jr. The structure was completed in 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school for was built for African-Americans in 1902 to accommodate the overcrowding conditions in the neighboring John Fox Slater Elementary School. At the time the building was constructed public education in the District of Columbia was segregated by race. It was one of several schools for African-Americans along First Street, NW between L and P Streets. The school was named for John Mercer Langston (1829-1897), who was the first African-American congressman from Virginia and was also a distinguished diplomat, academic and lawyer in the District of Columbia.</p><br>
<p>Slater and Langston Schools were operated as independent schools until the late 1910s when the Slater principal, Anna E. Thompson, became principal of both schools. During this time the schools were referred to jointly as Slater-Langston. When Slater was annexed to the Margaret Murray Washington Vocational School in 1951, Langston continued as an elementary school. The school was generally overcrowded before the Supreme Court&#39;s 1954 decision banning school segregation. By 1982 the overcrowded condition had reversed and enrollment steadily declined until it was closed in 1997. After its services as a school the building became a homeless shelter. It is now empty.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Langston School is a two-story, red brick building that was designed in the Italianate style. It housed eight classrooms, one for each grade level. The main façade features two entrance towers, one for the boys and one for the girls. A Star of David is placed in each of the blind arches above the second floor windows. The building has an asymmetrical arraignment due to a planned west wing that was never built.</p><br>
<p>John Fox Slater Elementary School is an historic structure located in the Truxton Circle neighborhood in Washington, D.C. The two-story brick building was designed by Edward Clark. The structure was completed in 1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time the building was constructed public education in the District of Columbia was segregated by race. Slater was one of several schools for African-Americans along First Street, NW between L and P Streets. The school for was built in 1891 and it was immediately at capacity. The school was named for John Fox Slater (1829-1897), a white industrialist and philanthropist from Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The John Mercer Langston School was built next door to ease the overcrowded conditions at Slater. Both schools were operated independently until the late 1910s when the Slater principal, Anna E. Thompson, became principal of both schools. During this time the schools were referred to jointly as Slater-Langston. Slater was annexed to the Margaret Murray Washington Vocational School one block to the south in 1951. Langston continued as an elementary school and Slater returned for use as an elementary school in 1958. The building, however, became outdated, it deteriorated and it was still overcrowded. It was featured in a 1965 Washington Post article "Moldy Shaw Fed by Even Moldier Schools." The school was closed in 1975 the building became a daycare center and it houses a social service agency.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Slater Elementary School is a two-story, red brick building that was designed in the Romanesque Revival style. It housed eight classrooms, one for each grade level. The structure features projecting pavilions, gables, towers, and molded brick string courses. Slater is identical to Jackson School in Georgetown that was built for white students in 1889. The only difference between the two buildings was the roof of the corner tower on Slater was covered in tin. The building was designed to fit in with the row houses in the neighborhood. It was designed by Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark.</p><br>
<p>The Big Red Ranch Complex is a historic ranch located off USA Routes 14 and 16 in Ucross. The ranch was built circa 1882 by the Pratt & Ferris Cattle Company and was one of three large ranches operated by the company in the region. The ranch acquired its name because all of its main buildings were painted red; at the time, most ranches lacked permanent buildings entirely, much less painted ones. Pratt & Ferris became one of the most successful cattle ranching companies in the area by the end of the decade, as they bought out most other local ranches and even established a post office at the Big Red Ranch. In the 1890s, the ranch largely converted to raising sheep. In 1906, company owner Joseph Leiter turned the ranch into an irrigated farm; in the following years, the ranch briefly reverted to cattle ranching before Leiter leased it to sugar beet farmers. Leiter ultimately sold the ranch in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 11, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson-Pavey House is a historic residence in western Washington Court House, Ohio, United States. Named for its two prominent earliest residents, the house has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>After moving from another locality to Washington Court House, John H. Robinson arranged for the construction of the present house in 1849. Part proprietor of a family-owned textile factory, Robinson was able to occupy the house in the following year. He owned the property until 1861, when he sold it to local attorney Madison Pavey. Besides his law practice, Pavey was locally prominent as one of the founders of the Bank of Fayette.</p><br>
<p>Built of weatherboarded walls on a foundation of sandstone, the Robinson-Pavey House is covered with an asphalt roof and features elements of wood and iron. Among the prominent architectural elements of this Gothic Revival house are elaborate bargeboards at the ends of its tall gables; the roof is steeply pitched, and the house&#39;s shape is broken by a small "side" gable that includes a shutter-covered ogive window over the main entrance. Piercing the walls are two doors, both of which possess small but elaborate hand-carven trim and brackets.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Robinson-Pavey House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its distinctive architecture; at the time of designation it was one of just two Gothic Revival houses in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Rairden Bridge is a Pennsylvania through truss near Manderson, Wyoming, which crosses the Big Horn River. The bridge was built in 1916 by the Monarch Engineering Company. The bridge cost $30,986, making it one of the most expensive bridges commissioned by a Wyoming county government. The bridge was also the longest in Big Horn County&#39;s road system at 250 ft and is the longest surviving county bridge in Wyoming. In addition, it is one of two Pennsylvania through truss bridges remaining in Wyoming. The bridge was replaced by a new structure and abandoned in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the NRHP for its role in the history of bridge construction in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The ETR Big Island Bridge is a Pratt through truss bridge located near Green River, Wyoming, which carries Sweetwater County Road CN4-4 across the Green River. The bridge was built from 1909 to 1910 by contractor Charles G. Sheely. It was named the Big Island Bridge after the Big Island region of Wyoming, which the bridge connected to other parts of the state. The 352 ft, two-span bridge is one of the older Pratt through truss bridges in Wyoming, and its spans, each 155 ft long, are some of the longest on bridges of this design in the state.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the NRHP for their role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The DDZ Bridge over New Fork River is a Kingpost pony truss bridge located near Boulder, Wyoming, which carries Sublette County Road 136 across the New Fork River. The bridge was built in 1917 by Lincoln Countys government, as Sublette County had not yet been formed. Unlike most truss bridges at the time, the bridge was built with timber trusses rather than steel; it is the only wooden two-span Kingpost truss bridge remaining in Wyoming. The bridges construction is considered to be "the most sophisticated" of extant wooden truss bridges in the state.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the NRHP for its role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>Augusta County Training School, also known as Cedar Green School, is a historic public school building located at Cedar Green, Augusta County, Virginia. It was built in 1938, and is a one-story, central-auditorium plan frame building with projecting classroom wings on each side of a recessed auditorium. It features a projecting</p><br>
<p>entrance portico and steeply pitched roof in a vernacular Neo-Classical style. It opened as a "Training School," but was later used as an elementary school. It was the first consolidated school larger than two rooms built for African American students in Augusta County. The American Legion purchased the building in 1966 and remodeled it for their lodge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum is located at 215 S. Tejon Street in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The granite building with a domed clock tower was the El Paso County Courthouse building from 1903 to 1973. The museum, which moved to this location in 1979, has fine arts, artifacts and archival collections that document the Pikes Peak region. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Located within Alamo Square Park the museum is also home to the Starsmore Center for Local History, a manuscript collection and research facility.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s mission is to "build a lasting connection to the Pikes Peak region by preserving and sharing our cultural history," which is accomplished through a wide variety of temporary and long-term exhibits, tours, programs, lectures and special events.</p><br>
<p>The more than 60,000 objects in the museums collection include cultural and historic artifacts. Artifacts from Arapaho, Cheyenne and Ute cultures are included in the Native American collection. Helen Hunt Jacksons house is partially represented in the museum with possessions that she owned. The collection includes items relating to the city&#39;s founding, mining industry, military installations and health resort industry. Van Briggle Pottery, regional art and a "nationally significant collection of quilts" are part of the collection. The museum has won local and national awards for excellence and is fully accredited by the American Association of Museums.</p><br>
<p>Eric Bransby created a mural that depicts the Pikes Peak region&#39;s history from early Native Americans to the United States Air Force Academy construction.</p><br>
<p>There is a museum store. Admission to the museum is free. Its mission is to "collect, preserve, research, and interpret the history and culture of the Pikes Peak Region."</p><br>
<h2>Starsmore Center for Local History</h2><br>
<p>Within the museum is the Starsmore Center for Local History which has a Pikes Peak Region research library and archives. The collection includes images, newspapers, manuscript collections and city directories. Personal papers of General William Jackson Palmer, the citys founder are also included in the centers collection.</p><br>
<h2>Alamo Park</h2><br>
<p>It is situated within the Alamo Square Park which features several history-themed sculptures, flower beds and a gazebo. There is also a preserved 1900 E. Howard & Co. street clock that was saved from destruction during urban renewal in the 1960s and relocated from its original home several blocks away.</p><br>
<p>A. J. Miller House, also known as the Miller-Hemp House, is a historic home located near Middlebrook, Augusta County, Virginia. It was built in 1884, and is a two-story, three bay, brick dwelling in the Italianate style. It features a central Italianate entrance and tripartite second-floor window, and paired interior chimneys. The interior features a wide variety of painted decoration by itinerant artist Green Berry Jones, who signed and dated his work June 17, 1892. They include large, brightly painted landscapes; vignettes; and woodgraining and marbelizing. Also on the property are five contributing outbuildings: two barns and a granary, a carriage house and chicken house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Folly is a historic plantation house located near Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia. The house was built about 1818, and is a one-story, brick structure with a long, low service wing and deck-on-hip roof in the Jeffersonian style. It has an original rear ell fronted by a Tuscan order colonnade. The front facade features a tetrastyle pedimented portico with stuccoed Tuscan columns and a simple lunette in the pediment. A similar portico is on the north side and a third portico was replaced by a wing added in 1856. The house closely resembles Edgemont near Covesville, Virginia. Also on the property are contributing original brick serpentine walls, a spring house, smokehouse and icehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Bare House and Mill is a historic home and grist mill ruins located at Stuarts Draft, Augusta County, Virginia. The house was built about 1857, and is a two-story, three bay brick dwelling with Greek Revival and Italianate style design influences. It has a metal-sheathed hipped roof one-story entry porches on the front and rear. Also on the property are a contributing wellhouse and meathouse , barn , privy, cistern, and pumphouse. The ruins of the Bare Mill and related mill race and piers are also located on the property. The two-story, stone grist mill was built about 1800, and may have shut down after the floods of September 1870.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>BARE HOUSE AND GRIST, AUGUSTA COUNTY, VA.jpgHouse in 2016</p><br>
<p>Gillies Hill is located west of Stirling and the M9, south of Cambusbarron, and north of the Bannock Burn in Central Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Gillies Hill covers a 140 hectare crag and tail which rises from a height of 79 m at the Bannock Burn Bridge near Sauchie Craig to an elevation of 162 m at a point which overlooks the former quarrying operation to the west and Stirling Castle to the east. The hill lies north of the Bannock Burn, northeast of Sauchie Craig (an area designated SSSI, Site of Special Scientific Interest), east of the Touch Hills and Murrayswood, south of Cambusbarron, and west of Stirling and the M9.</p><br>
<p>Gillies Hill is the hill from which Robert the Bruce’s camp followers, or Gillies, descended onto the field of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 turning the tide of the battle which granted Scotland nearly 400 years of independence.</p><br>
<p>The majority of Gillies Hill has been classified as a Semi-natural Ancient WoodlandAncient Woodland Inventory – The Woodland Trust http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/why-woods-matter/protection/ancient-woods/how/Pages/inventories.aspx#.T_1Wy3CAE9U</p><br>
<p>by the Woodland Trust using aerial surveys and by a follow-up Phase 1 habitat survey conducted in 2010. To date 21 Scotland & 38 United Kingdom ancient woodland indicator species have been documented on the hill demonstrating that the woodland’s understory and sections of its tree cover have been cloaked in woodland for centuries; the earliest mapped confirmation of trees on the site dates back to the 1580s Pont map.Ancient Woodland Indicator Plants in Scotland – C.Crawford</p><br>
<p>tnrc.co.uk/media/DIR_64201/CLCrawford_SF63No1.pdf</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From ancient times to the present Gillies Hill has been inhabited, enhanced and used by multiple generations.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>In 1984 a trial trench was opened at Gillies Hill fort across the defences in the south sector. Three stone faced ramparts were explored - material for the construction of the rampart had been obtained by surface quarrying of the surrounding area. Within the fort was a layer of occupation debris containing pottery, including the upper half of a decorated vessel with more cultural material recovered from within the ramparts. This material, along with radiometric dates, suggests activity from the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age and the Iron Age – the presumption being that the ramparts derive from the later, Iron Age activity. The nature of the earlier Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age activity on the hill remains uncertain.</p><br>
<h3>Bannockburn, 23 to 24 June 1314</h3><br>
<p>The name "Gillies Hill" may come from the tale of Robert the Bruce’s camp-followers, who before the second day of the battle were ordered to wait in the safety of forest cover within sight the battle. According to John Barbour, an early Scottish poet writing in 1375, these "sma’ folk" were called down by The Bruce from the Borestone where he had raised his standard, late on the second day of the battle at a crucial stage. The sma&#39; folk descended the slopes of a hill yelling, banging pots and pans, and waiving pieces of clothing in the air at which point the English troops thinking the newcomers were reinforcements, fled. Barbour does not mention any hill by name, hence the attribution of this event to Gillies Hill is uncertain. Modern historical analysis most commonly proposes Coxet Hill, adjacent to St Ninians, as the location of the events Barbour describes.</p><br>
<h3>Bruce’s Well</h3><br>
<p>According to Peter Paterson, Cambusbarron historian, on the day before the Battle of Bannockburn Robert the Bruce came to Cambusbarron Chapel to take the sacrament and to drink from the Chapel Well, formerly known as Christ’s Well, and currently known as Bruce’s Well. Water from the well was sprinkled on the field of Bannockburn before the battle. A granite block donated by Stirling Stone with a plaque inscribed by Scotia Granite, will be placed at the site of Bruce’s Well to commemorate its role in the battle for the 700th anniversary in 2014.</p><br>
<h3>Bonnety Tree</h3><br>
<p>The cliff edges of the northwest side of Gillies Hill, known as Touchadam Craig, are the habitat of several dozen ancient Scots pines. One of these pines that has since fallen to the expansion of the Murrayshall Quarry, was known as the Bonnety Tree and is said to have been the tree upon which the Gillies hung their bonnets before their descent onto the battlefield. In 2016 a new "Bonnety Tree" will be planted on the southern end of the hill with the cooperation of the Ogilvie Group.</p><br>
<h3>Polmaise Castle</h3><br>
<p>The ruined Polmaise Castle set in the middle of Gillies Hill was built for £30,000 by Col. John Murray, 23rd Laird of Touchadam and Polmaise, upon his return from the Crimean War. Murray commissioned David Burn to design the Scots Baronial mansion in 1865. The building was demolished in 1966 long after the death of the Murray’s only son and heir in The Great War.</p><br>
<p>The original Murray house was known as Touchadam Castle which was located to the west of Gillies Hill near Gartur. Only its ruins remain today. In 1673 Murrays Hall located beneath the western craig of Gillies Hill was built as a gift from the Laird to his son. It was eventually occupied by Jacobite Ladies of Murrayshall. These three maiden ladies who lived their entire lives in Murrays Hall were regionally known for their hospitality and kindness to those of all walks of life. Perhaps the most colorful of their stories involves loyalty to the Jacobite cause; the ladies would discreetly end each meal with either a verbal toast "To Him over the water," or by a delicate movement of the glass over the pitcher of water on the table if more discretion were required. The last of the Jacobite Ladies died in 1829, at which point Murrays Hall became a farmhouse lasting until it was destroyed in its entirety by 20th Century quarry operations.</p><br>
<h3>Free Green</h3><br>
<p>The Old Drove Road whose old name of The Commondry leads to what was once Cambusbarron’s Free Green, located near the current gate to the quarry. In the past it was here that villagers and drovers gathered to tether their stock. Up until 1953 it was also used for celebration bonfires for special events.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape interest - Viewshed</h2><br>
<p>Gillies Hill has views in all directions being an AGLV, Area of Great Landscape Value, an area "identified as being of scenic importance." From the west Gillies Hill is the first hill to be seen from Stirling Castle. The hill flanks the western side of the M9 motorway just as the iconic structures of Castle Craig and Abbey Craig flank the east.</p><br>
<p>The view from the Hill Fort of Gillies Hill to the west and north includes the Touch Hills, Touch Hills Wind Farm, the Carse of Stirling, and the Southern Highlands including Ben Ledi, Ben Vorlich and Stùc a&#39; Chroin.</p><br>
<p>The view to the east includes Stirling Castle, Abbey Craig and the Wallace Monument; and the Ochils. The view to the south looks out over the Bannockburn Heritage Centre with its statue of Robert the Bruce and the Rotunda Memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The grounds of Gillies Hill have been used by walkers, joggers, birdwatchers, and botanists for decades. Geocachers from all over the world come to find no fewer than 40 geocaches hidden on the hill and in its immediate vicinity. Paths on the hill range from relatively easy rambles to more strenuous hikes. In the Winter paths can get slippery and muddy so it’s best to come prepared with stout boots and a walking stick. Among the most popular walks are the Quarry Walk, the Lake Walk, the Tree Tour and the Public Trail that leads west through Murray’s Wood to the Bannock Burn.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these trails, are sheer rock faces popular among skilled rock climbers who can access route guides on the internet. Downhill bicycle racers and stunt cyclists have established demanding circuits and jump parks also described on the internet.</p><br>
<p>A car park is located at the end of Old Drove Road in Cambusbarron where the Cambusbarron Community Council’s series of three informational brochures and maps are available: Flora and Fauna, The History, and Things to Do (Recreation). There is also room to park to the southwest of the hill at the small Bannock Burn crossing at N 56° 05.614 W 003° 58.643 and at the south end of the hill in the wide opening of the access road at N 56° 05.842 W 003° 57.762. Gillies Hill may also be accessed by a wide trail entrance in the Gillies Hill neighborhood of Cambusbarron at N 56° 06.398 W 003° 58.077.</p><br>
<p>Gillies Hill currently lies under threat from potential renewed quarrying operations. Save Gillies Hill, a non-profit organization has responded to these threats with its annual March of the Gillies which takes place on the Sunday closest to the anniversary of the Battle of Battle of Bannockburn and follows the path of the Gillies from the hill to the Borestone; as well as its annual fundraising event, the Big Widstock, which takes place in King George IV Park in Cambusbarron in July. The Cambusbarron Community Council has also been involved in efforts to preserve the hill presenting its position to the Stirling Council and developing goals such as establishing a Community Woodland of Scots Pine and associated broadleaves; creating safe bicycling, horseback riding, and hiking trails; determining the feasibility of rock climbing potential; and protecting the hill’s historical and archaeological assets such as the Iron Age Hill Fort, Wallstale Dun, Polmaise Castle and its associated structures (grotto, curling ponds & shelter, dry stane dykes, walled garden and cemetery); the Fir Park Cottage, and Murrayshall Lime Works.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental information - Physical</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The weather of Gillies Hill is predominantly influenced by air currents from the Atlantic Ocean with a prevailing south-westerly wind. Winters are wet and windy. The area has an annual average rainfall amount of 1060 mm (41.73 inches) and an annual average mean temperature of 8.8-9.3 °C (48-49 °F). (1971 to 2000: Met Office, UK)</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>The site is bordered on the south by the Bannock Burn which joins the River Forth at N 56° 07.250 W 003° 52.835 which flows east to the North Sea; and on the north and northwest by several small tributaries which flow into the Forth: The Baston Burn, the Touch Burn, Johnny&#39;s Burn, and the Glenmoray-Raploch Burn which runs through Cambusbarron passing the site of Bruce’s Well. To the west the Bannock Burn is contained by North Third Reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>Geology and topography</h3><br>
<p>The hill is one of a series of parallel "crag and tail" formations (including Abbey Craig, Stirling Castle, Kings Park, and Sauchie Craig) that march across the Carse of Stirling between the Touch Hills and the Ochil Hills. These formations were created by the movement of glaciers over the carse shaping the more resistant (usually volcanic) plugs into cliff-like crags ("craig" in Scots) with trailing wakes of softer material called "tails."</p><br>
<p>Gillies Hill is located in Central Scotland east of the city of Stirling and south of the town of Cambusbarron within the Bannock Burn and River Forth watersheds. A crag and tail formation, the hill rises gradually from an altitude of approximately 79 meters at the Bannock Burn Bridge at Sauchie Craig on its southern end to drop off in a series of crags (cliffs) - some natural, some the result of quarrying - at its northwest end at an approximate altitude of 160 meters.</p><br>
<p>The underlying geology of Gillies Hill is a layer of quartz-dolerite approximately 100 meters thick of the Late Carboniferous tholeiitic Midland Valley Sill-complex (Stirling Sill). The hill is one of a series of crag and tail formations that cross the Carse of Stirling separated by faults into distinct hills such as Abbey Craig, Kings Park, Sauchieburn and Stirling Castle rock. These crag and tail formations were created by glaciation that terminated about 10,000 years ago. The quartz-dolerite of the hill, highly resistance to erosion, is a ready source of "whin-stone" for road beds and sea walls; concrete aggregate and kerbstones. Several whinstone mines have operated on Gillies Hill over the years.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the hill’s quartz-dolerite layer is a layer of Murrayshall Limestone. There is evidence that the limekilns in the area have been in production from about 1790 into the 20th Century, producing lime to be used in building mortars, iron production and agriculture. The limestone, calcium carbonate, was roasted with coal in the Murrayshall, Craigend, and Cambusbarron kilns (respectively: at the south end of Gillies Hill, eastward up the Bannock Burn and north of Cambusbarron) to produce calcium oxide (quicklime), followed by the production of calcium hydroxide in slaking pits - and was then spread on agricultural fields.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the kilns can be found at three locations around Gillies Hill: at Murrayshall Limeworks on the SW of Gillies Hill beside the entrance to the current quarry; at Hollandbush Limeworks off Kersebonny Road and at Craigend Limeworks on the south bank of the Bannock Burn near Castlehill Dun. Extensive underground tunnels lie beneath Gillies Hill; the mine adit is located in Cambusbarron and the mine air shaft is on the hill itself.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental information - Biological</h2><br>
<h3>Habitats</h3><br>
<p>Gillies Hill displays a considerable diversity of habitats from Scots pine/heath to semi-natural woodland of ash, oak and rowan.</p><br>
<p>The following are the habitat divisions of the hill as classified in a Phase 1 habitat survey conducted in 2010: Broadleaved semi-natural woodland, Broadleaved plantation woodland, Coniferous plantation woodland, Mixed semi-natural woodland, Dense continuous scrub, Scattered scrub, Recently felled coniferous woodland, Semi-natural neutral grassland, Marshy grassland, Continuous Bracken, Standing water, Running water, and Rock exposure & waste/quarry. Dominant species found on Gillies Hill include sycamore, birch, broom, common ash, beech, larch, bracken, spruce, oak and willow.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Gillies Hill hosts a large array of plants native to Central Scotland. The hill is home to at least 38 Ancient Woodland indicator species from the AWVP – Europe/National/Scotland list and 21 from the AWVP - Scotland list, a record Scots Pine, a record Rowan, and an abundance of wildflower, lichen, fungi, moss, and grass species. Eight of the top ten Scottish plants listed on the Scottish Biodiversity List (a list of flora, fauna and habitats considered by Scottish Ministers to be of principal importance for biodiversity) as most popular among Scots can be found on Gillies Hill: common and bell heather, Scottish bluebell or harebell, Scots Pine, oak, thistle, rowan, ferns, and common spotted and Northern marsh orchids. Three of these including the heather, harebell, and Scots Pine are predominantly found on the hill’s heath out-crops which are threatened by quarry expansion, as is the only known population of blaeberry on the hill.</p><br>
<h4>Semi-natural Ancient Woodland</h4><br>
<p>Much of Gillies Hill has been classified as a Semi-natural Ancient Woodland by Woodland Trust aerial Inventories. This means that its understory of plant species has been more or less continuous for hundreds of years. Plants such as wood sorrel, common dog violets, and English bluebells most likely existed on the hill at the time of Robert the Bruce, and perhaps as far back as Iron Age Scotland. Areas of the hill which have been re-planted or coppiced (pruned to supply long thin sprouts) or harvested for timber, may still have relatively undisturbed underlying vegetation containing species which take years to become established residents of the forest.</p><br>
<h4>Record and Veteran trees</h4><br>
<p>Gillies Hill is home to many fine specimens of both broadleaf and coniferous trees, but two in particular stand out: a Scots Pine nicknamed "The Big Pine," which has a girth of over 5.5 meters which makes it the fifth largest pine of this species in Britain – and the largest south of Perthshire; and a coppiced rowan of immense lower girth. These two trees, plus 16 additional trees on Gillies Hill are currently listed as Veteran Trees with the Woodland Trust’s Ancient Tree Hunt Project. Also worth visiting is a row of massive, hollow but living, Sycamores that line the old road to the former site of Murrayshall west of the quarry.</p><br>
<p>The Scots pines found along the western cliff (Touchadam Craig) of Gillies Hill are relicts of an ancient pinewood supported by presence of the fungal species Russula integra var. integra. This ten hectare section of the hill extends from the old quarries in the north to Wallstale Dun in the south and includes the North and South Pincers, the arms of whinstone which visually hide the more recent quarry operations. In addition to the Scots pines on Touchadam Craig, four others found elsewhere on the hill including the 5th, the 10th and the 11th largest Scots pines in the UK, are currently registered with the Woodland Trust’s Ancient Tree Hunt project. These and the ~50 other pines display a significant pinewood in the Stirling Council region.</p><br>
<p>Threats to the pinewood include vandalism, invasive plants (Rhododendron and Acaena) and the prospect of renewed quarrying activity. Currently the number of dead pine snags increases relative to proximity to the former quarry core.</p><br>
<h4>Invasive species</h4><br>
<p>Native species are currently under threat by invasive species such as Acaena ovalifolia, two-spined Acaena (sometimes called pirri-pirri burr), a small herb whose velcro-like seeds stick to whatever passes spreading the plant far and wide.</p><br>
<p>In the past five years, pirri-pirri burr has spread rapidly over most of Gillies Hill out-competing such natives as dog violet, wood avens, wild strawberry and wood sorrel.</p><br>
<p>One of the concerns regarding resumed quarrying of the hill is the potential for this species to be spread throughout Scotland with whinstone extracted and exported from the quarry.</p><br>
<p>Rhododendron ponticum which was planted on the hill in the 19th century as a decorative shrub has spread uncontrollably, sometimes to many times the height of a person, effectively blocking sunlight from reaching the woodland species that carpet the forest floor, and creating a dark sterile understory devoid of life.</p><br>
<p>Bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, has colonized several of the hill’s open areas so thickly with its rhizomatous roots that few other species can compete for survival. (In the north of Scotland wild boar have recently been re-introduced in controlled environments and are successfully rooting out the bracken allowing a new generation of woodland to become established.)</p><br>
<h3>Plants and History</h3><br>
<p>The flora of Gillies Hill is intricately entwined with its history. The Murray family who built Polmaise Castle in 1865, created landscaped gardens incorporating many of the exotic coniferous trees that still grace the woodland. Like much of 19th Century British aristocracy, the Murrays were enamored with planting landscape gardens filled with newly discovered plants from around the world. Often these outdoor plant collections included tall conifers imported from North America. A fine example of this is the grove of Sierra Redwoods (or Wellingtonia), Sequoiadendron giganteum, growing at the apex of Gillies Hill. These five Redwoods were planted in the 1860s by the Murray family along the walk from the castle to the large natural loch that was once on the upper portion of Gillies Hill, but was lost to quarrying. If left undisturbed, these giants could well live over 3000 years and attain a mass of over 1400 cubic meters potentially becoming the most massive trees in Scotland. Along with others of that era, these trees may have been grown from some of the first Sequoiadendron seeds brought to Scotland by John D. Matthew in 1853 and given to his noted horticulturist father Patrick Matthew of Gourdiehill near Errol in Perth Shire who then gave many of the seedlings away to friends and family as living gifts.</p><br>
<p>The woodland that surrounds the Grotto or "Secret Spring" of Polmaise Castle supports a number of woodland species such as wood anemones, wood sorrel and bluebells. In the area around the Grotto many towering, ‘exotic’ conifers were planted in the 1860s by the Murray family which include four Sierra Redwoods, two Coast Redwoods (which can reach over 350’ high becoming the tallest trees on Earth), Douglas-firs, and a South American Monkey-puzzle tree.</p><br>
<p>Native trees inhabiting Gillies Hill including silver birch, rowan, holly, oak, ash, hazel and clinging to the western cliffs, gnarled Scots Pine which form an essential part of this woodland ecosystem, their cones providing an excellent source of pine nuts for native Red Squirrels and Crossbills.</p><br>
<p>Also found on the hill are species which were introduced by humans and have since become naturalized. These include "archaeophytes" (pre-1500) such as the Flanders Poppy and Spearmint; and "neophytes" (post-1500) such as European Beech, Sycamore, and Red Elderberry.</p><br>
<p>Polmaise Castle is home to many exotic species of plant that were introduced as part of the estate’s gardens and designed landscapes. To the west and south of the castle are rows of English yew trees which once formed clipped hedges enclosing stately lawns. Other trees found here include an English holly, Portugal laurels, and a magnificent copper beech.</p><br>
<p>In other areas of the hill, the natural woodland has been replaced with commercial species such as Sitka and Norway Spruce, which form dense canopies limiting undergrowth; and larch, a non-native deciduous conifer, which allows sunlight to penetrate to the ground flora.</p><br>
<h4>Wildflowers</h4><br>
<p>As of 2013 over 200 species of flowering herbs, shrubs, trees (Angiosperms), coniferous trees (Gymnosperms); and rushes (Juncus) and sedges (Carex) have been inventoried on Gillies Hill.</p><br>
<p>The first flowers to appear on Gillies Hill after the cold of winter are the snowdrops which surround the ruined Fir Park Cottage. In May the forest floor along Old Drove Road is carpeted with English bluebells. These bluebells, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, are commonly confused with the Scottish bluebell or harebell, Campanula rotundifolia, which blooms throughout the summer, is lighter blue in color and is usually found in the higher reaches of Gillies Hill.</p><br>
<h4>Bryophytes</h4><br>
<p>In addition to the more noticeable flowering plants and tall trees that cover Gillies Hill, are a host of organisms often overlooked. Mosses (also known as Bryophytes) of 48 species (including 5 varieties) in 19 families grow throughout the hill. The heavily carpeted star moss (also known as "common haircap moss") population near the Wellingtonia Grove is an especially fine example of this life form. Star moss is found in forests, peat bogs, and moorland throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Liverworts (also known as Marchantyphytes) of 22 species (including two varieties) in 15 families on the hill are found in abundance at the entrance to the central mine.</p><br>
<h4>Ferns, fungi, lichens, slime molds, and algae</h4><br>
<p>Perhaps the most intriguing and perplexing organisms found on Gillies Hill are the slime moulds, whose plasmodia (masses of protoplasm) slowly moves along wood substrates engulfing particles of food in an amoeba-like manner; an example of this organism, the Red Raspberry Slime Mold, was found in late summer 2009 at the Wallstale Dun.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Gillies Hill is populated by an array of animals both resident and migrant, most of which are native, but some of which are threatening the existence of native species.</p><br>
<h4>Mammals</h4><br>
<p>The woodland is home to many of Scotland’s common mammal species including red and roe deer, red fox, red and Eastern grey squirrel, weasel, stoat, brown hare, European rabbit, and badger. Several mammal species on Gillies Hill are UK BAP priority species: red squirrel, brown hare, and all bats. Badgers and their setts "are comprehensively protected by the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 and 2004.</p><br>
<p>The native red squirrel is particularly elusive. Its tell-tale signs include large dreys in trees, scratch marks on bark, and chewed Scots pine cones. The future of red squirrels is increasingly uncertain as Eastern grey squirrels outcompete reds for food and habitat as well as carry squirrelpox virus which is lethal to reds but does not harm the greys. Red squirrels have been found throughout Gillies Hill frequenting the pine woodlands of the interior and the craigs.</p><br>
<p>The recent appearance of pine martens, who prefer grey squirrels as prey, on Gillies Hill may enhance the red squirrel population.</p><br>
<p>The badger is one of the most widespread and iconic animals in Britain. Most people recognise badgers by their black- and white striped head, but because they are nocturnal mammals, they are rarely seen. They do, however, roam onto Gillies Hill and signs of badger activity (heavily worn badger paths with distinctive 5-toed footprints, claw marks on trees, dung pits and coarse, wiry badger hair caught on the barbs of wire fences) have been documented. In the winter of 2011 a badger was photographed on the hill with a hidden wildlife camera. The largest threat to badgers on Gillies Hill - outside of potential quarrying and development - is the traffic that travels along Polmaise Road.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2012 bats were detected throughout Gillies Hill and its perimeter using monitors on loan from Central Scotland Bat Group (Bat Conservation Trust).</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<h4>Amphibians</h4><br>
<p>Palmate newts inhabit little Loch Kruse (named after the Texas botanist,Dale Kruse, who studied its sedges and rushes) at the top of Gillies Hill and common toads have been found in the vicinity of Polmaise Castle and its walled garden</p><br>
<h4>Invertebrates</h4><br>
<p>One entomologist visiting Gillies Hill stated, “It would take five entomologists a lifetime to inventory all the insects on this hill.” Nevertheless, 88 invertebrate species have been documented on Gillies Hill so far; mollusks, arachnids, annelids and insects which include bumblebees, wasps, ants and sawflies, damselflies, dragonflies, caddisflies, grasshoppers, stoneflies, backswimmers, butterflies, moths, house flies, ants, knapweed bugs, water striders, aphids, and a myriad of beetles.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns and current status</h2><br>
<p>NEWS UPDATE 6-9-13 The Cambusbarron Community Council has since stated that the order does not hold any legal power to suspend anything. Patersons Quarries of Coatbridge Strathclyde have since taken over the lease with Drygrange Estate (replacing Hansons) to extract rock from the east half of the area. Paterson Quarries has volunteered to provide an EIA for an early review. Not wanting to rely on verbal assurances the Cambusbarron Community Council (CCC) continues to press for a formal statutory review.CAMBUSBARRON</p><br>
<p>NEWS UPDATE 5-12-13 l</p><br>
<p>In response to the possibility of renewed quarrying an action group, Save Gillies Hill,(SGH) was formed in 2007 with its goal being to preserve, restore and maintain the hill.</p><br>
<p>To this end Save Gillies Hill hosts The March of the Gillies each June to draw attention to the situation.</p><br>
<p>NEWS UPDATE 6-17-17 Save Gillies Hill supporters were allowed a moment of celebration on Friday, February 10, when word came that the Scottish Government Reporter had dismissed the quarrying appeal. The Reporter’s verdict revealed that his judgment was based on the grounds of Road Safety and Noise. While a temporary victory for Save Gillies Hill and the Cambusbarron community, this does not mean that future appeals will not be submitted.</p><br>
<p>Additionally a new plan has emerged for over 200 new homes on the Seven Sisters’ Field on the eastern flank of Gillies Hill, which would coalesce Cambusbarron with Torbrex and St Ninians.</p><br>
<p>The Cambusbarron Community Development Trust continues to work towards the purchase 66 hectares of Gillies Hill for the community.</p><br>
<p>The EJP County Line Bridge is a Camelback pony truss bridge located near Hyattville, Wyoming, which carries Big Horn County Road CN9-60 across the Nowood River. The bridge was built in 1917 by the Monarch Engineering Company. As the bridge was originally thought to connect Big Horn and Washakie Counties, the two counties split the cost of the bridge, with each paying for one abutment and the two splitting the cost of the superstructure; this is the only recorded case of two Wyoming counties purchasing a bridge in such a way. Further surveys determined that the bridge is actually located entirely within Big Horn County. At 102 ft long, the bridge is the longest Camelback truss bridge in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the National Register for their role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The Oakley High School Stadium, also known as Irwin Stadium, Irwin Field and as KHRI# 109-51, in Oakley, Kansas was built in 1939 by a New Deal works program, the Works Progress Administration . It has served at football games and track meets from 1939 to date.</p><br>
<p>The first usage of the stadium was on October 6, 1939, for "the annual football classic" between the Oakley Plainsmen versus the Colby Eagles, a night game under new floodlights, in which the Plainsmen were "trounced".</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on April 9, 2013. It was deemed locally significant in entertainment and recreation and government, and for its architecture, when considered and nominated as part of a Kansas-wide multiple property submission about New Deal-era historic resources.</p><br>
<p>York Island is an island in Sierra Leone. It is a small island located 2 km to the east of Bonthe, Sherbro Island. It is part of the Bonthe Island Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The principal settlement on York Island is York, a small fishing village. The population is in decline, something which is attributed to the designation of the Sherbro River as a Marine Protected Area. This has had a negative impact on the livelihoods of the inhabitants who are now unable to build canoes of sufficient size to make sea fishing safe and viable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>York Island was rented from a Bulom King by the English Royal Africa Company, who built a factory for use in the slave trade on the island. This was fortified with stone walls and equipped with cannon. Thomas Corker&#39;s career took off following his appointment as chief agent on York Island.</p><br>
<p>Oakley Farm is a historic home and farm located near Warm Springs, Bath County, Virginia. It was built in 1834, as a two-story side-passage form dwelling with a one-story front porch with transitional Federal / Greek Revival detail. It was later expanded and modified to a one-room-deep center passage plan dwelling with a two-story ell. The house was remodeled in the Colonial Revival style in 1921-1922, and a two-story kitchen and service wing was added. Also on the property are a contributing laundry and wood house and a garage, both built in 1922; a 19th-century log cabin that may originally have served as a slave cabin; a Long Barn and a machinery shed ; two stables of Colonial Revival</p><br>
<p>design dating to the 1920s or early 1930s; and a fieldstone wall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Millboro School, also known as Millboro Elementary School, Millboro High School, and Bath County High School, is a historic school complex located at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia. It was built in three phases. The original two-story, brick school building dates from 1916-1918. The Colonial Revival style building has a standing-seam metal hipped roof, with two tall central chimneys and a central hipped dormer. In 1933, a separate two-story, hipped roof, brick classroom structure with a gymnasium/auditorium wing was constructed to the east of the original building. The two structures were connected in 1962, with the addition of a one-story building. Also on the property is a contributing Home Economics Cottage  and Agricultural Instruction Building . The school closed in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Homestead Dairy Barns, also known as Miller Mill and Inn at Gristmill Square, is a historic dairy barn complex and national historic district located at Warm Springs, Bath County, Virginia, USA. The district encompasses seven contributing buildings. The complex consists of the Main Barn with its attached tile double silos, a Bottling Building, Milking Barn, Calving Barn, Ham House, Herdsman&#39;s Cottage, and Bull Barn. The complex was built by the Virginia Hot Springs Company in 1928 to support the operations of the nearby Homestead resort. They are frame buildings, many of which are clad in stucco and painted white with unifying green trim. They include repetition of Colonial Revival and Craftsman details throughout.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>West Dover is a village in the central part of Dover, Vermont. The village center, located on Vermont Route 100 at Cross Town and Valley View Roads, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as the West Dover Historic District. The village is a major service point for the nearby Mount Snow ski area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>West Dover is actually located in south-central Dover, and extends along Vermont Route 100, as it follows the North Branch Deerfield River. The central portion of the village is strung along VT 100 between Cross Town Road in the northwest and Dorr Fitch Road to the southeast, shortly before VT 100 cross the river and turns south toward Wilmington.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>West Dover was settled in 1796, when the area was part of Wardsboro, and was incorporated into Dover when that town was chartered in 1810. The village grew economically in the 19th century due to the construction of mills along the river. The first mill, a sawmill, was built in 1796, and was expanded to process wool through the first half of the 19th century. The mill complex was destroyed by fire in 1901, bringing an end to that source of economic activity. Only traces of the mill complex survive today, but the village has a fine assortment of Federal and Greek Revival buildings that give it its character. In the 20th century the village benefitted from the state&#39;s promotion of the out-of-state purchase of farms for recreational purposes, and the growth of the nearby ski areas.</p><br>
<p>Fancy Farm is a historic plantation house located at Kelso Mill, near Bedford, Bedford County, Virginia. It was built about 1785, and is a two-story, five bay brick dwelling in the Late Georgian style. It has a metal gable roof and two interior end chimneys. The interior features original woodwork. The house was restored in 1969-1971. Also on the property are a contributing brick storehouse, a frame kitchen with a stone chimney, and a frame quarters also with a stone chimney. The property features a panorama of the Peaks of Otter. Fancy Farm was used as the headquarters of Union General David Hunter in his Lynchburg campaign during the Valley Campaigns of 1864.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Las Caldas Cave and the surrounding partial nature reserve  is a protected area covering 45 hectares within the Nalón Valley in the Municipality of Oviedo in the vicinity of the towns of La Piñera and Las Caldas.</p><br>
<p>The cave itself has a length of about 600 m and has three entrances. The main cavity is around 5 m high and contains a subterranean river. The cave has no particular geological significance but it is important for the wildlife and archaeological sites from the Solutrean and Magdalenian periods located there.</p><br>
<p>Bats living in the cave include the medium mouse-eared bat, cave bat, greater horseshoe bat, lesser horseshoe bat and Natterer&#39;s bat.</p><br>
<p>Archeological excavations in the cave have become one of the most important Upper Paleolithic sites in the Asturias region. Finds from the cave are of exceptional quality and include amongst others:</p><br>
<p>the Venus of Las Caldas, a Magdalenian antler carving with an ibexs head and a womans legs and genitals, that may be either a Venus figurine or decorated atlatl-type device</p><br>
<p>paleolithic rock art</p><br>
<p>two stylised overlapping female profiles on an engraved rod dating from the Middle Magdalenian.</p><br>
<p>a stone plaque displaying a woman&#39;s stylised profile,</p><br>
<p>a whale and 2 bisons engraved onto a sperm whale teeth,</p><br>
<p>a high quality unused rock-crystal laurel leaf point,</p><br>
<p>engraved horse teeth,</p><br>
<p>a horse bone carved with bison heads.</p><br>
<p>New London Academy is a historic school located at Forest, Bedford County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>New London Academy was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in December 1795. Around 1797, it was established on its present campus near the former town of New London as a classical school for boys. It became co-educational in the 1870s and in the late-1880s became affiliated with the new public school system. It is the only public school in Virginia to operate under a charter from the General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>The school building was built between 1837 and 1839, and is a two-story, brick building with a hipped roof. Also on the property is a contributing frame kitchen building that serves as the academy museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Edward C. Burks (1821-1897) - American jurist.</p><br>
<p>Wood Boulden (1811-1876) - American jurist.</p><br>
<p>W. Harrison Daniel (1922-2013) - American historian.</p><br>
<p>Gordon Henry White, Jr. (1921-1944) - American army sergeant, killed with fellow "Bedford Boys" on D-Day.</p><br>
<h2>Instructors</h2><br>
<p>George A. Baxter - principal</p><br>
<p>George Dabney - educator and scholar of classics.</p><br>
<p>The Chadbourn Spanish Gospel Mission is a Mission Revival building from the Conejos District of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1930 the church and mission provided religious, educational, sports, and mission services to the members of the Conejos District. It was supported by members of Protestant Churches, which formed an advisory team that managed acquisition of funding for the mission.</p><br>
<p>It was founded by Ruth Chadbourn, a missionary who had moved to Colorado Springs for her health.</p><br>
<h2>Conejos District</h2><br>
<p>The Conejos District was an area in Colorado Springs that was home to a Mexican community beginning at the turn of the 20th century who had moved to the area to work at the nearby Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, mills and mines. Many members of the Hispanic community came from the San Luis Valley. They moved into an area that had been home to people of Scandinavian and Jewish heritage who moved to other areas of the city.</p><br>
<p>The district lies between Colorado Avenue and Mill Street to the north and south. The eastern and western borders are the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad yard and Monument Creek. Families lived in frame houses on narrow lots and there were stores in the neighborhood to serve the community.</p><br>
<p>The Chadbourn Spanish Gospel Mission is the only structure that remains from the district.</p><br>
<h2>Church and mission</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1910, it was a frame building used first as a grocery store. It began being used as a mission in 1930, and was named the Spanish Gospel Mission. The mission was founded by missionary Ruth Chadbourn, who worked in Costa Rica and moved to Colorado Springs in the 1920s for her health. It was created to support the community with a high crime rate and poor living conditions. The building was rented in 1930 and purchased in 1934 by Chadbourn and trustees of the mission. Members of Protestant Colorado Springs churches formed an advisory board to help manage the finances of the organization and arrange for funds for the mission. Chadbourn died in 1936 and subsequently the mission was named for her.</p><br>
<p>After it was renovated in 1939 to 1940 to the Spanish Mission style, it was a non-denominational church and mission that helped community members and was a community and education center. A bell tower donated by Colorado College and curvilinear parapets were added to the church and, among other modifications, it was stuccoed. The First United Methodist Church donated stained glass panels. Its architecture has been described as follows:</p><br>
<p>The building’s Mission Revival style is exemplified in its square bell tower, curvilinear parapets, overhanging eaves, exposed rafter tails, arches, and stucco finish.</p><br>
<p>Church services were performed in Spanish and English. The church held Bible and Sunday School classes. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts met at the church. Children could play on the church&#39;s basketball and baseball teams. Adult education courses in music, sewing and English language. It provided food and Christmas gifts to neighborhood children and was a place for community events.</p><br>
<p>An article was written in The Gazette said of the mission:</p><br>
<p>This neighborhood badly needs such work for there are many children and youth crowded into small houses with no playground except the street. Character</p><br>
<p>building agencies are much cheaper than the cost of juvenile delinquency.... This enterprise has shown what inter-denominational and inter-racial understanding and good will can do.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the homes and buildings in the district were demolished and the property was used for commercial and light industrial purposes. In 2005, America the Beautiful Park was completed across Ciminio Drive from the church, at the corner of Conejos and Ciminio Drive. The mission has remained and conducts weekly church services. It is no longer funded by other congregations. Its congregation includes the grandchildren and children of the earlier church members.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, The Gazette reported that the congregation was slowly growing and had plans of expanding the church building. A rezoning of the building allows the church to obtain grants for the construction. Becoming listed with the National Register of Historic Places helps to ensure the historic preservation of the church.</p><br>
<h2>Walking tour</h2><br>
<p>Chadbourn Spanish Gospel Mission is one of the properties on the Southwest Downtown walking tour in Colorado Springs.</p><br>
<p>Drežnička Gradina  is a mountain in western Serbia, between cities of Požega and Užice. Its highest peak, Gradina, has an elevation of 932 m above sea level. On the cone-shaped hilltop, there is a small stone-built pyramid erected as monument to Yugoslav Partisans died in a battle against German forces in August 1941, at the time of the Republic of Užice.</p><br>
<h2>Potpeć Cave</h2><br>
<p>A prominent feature on the mountain is the cave Potpećka pećina (43&deg;47&prime;44&Prime;N latitude, 19&deg;55&prime;59&Prime;E longitude), located near the village of Potpeće. Its main entrance, 72 m tall, is the largest of all caves on the Balkans. Apart from the main, upper entrance for tourists, there is a smaller, lower entrance into an underground lake, which overflows in rainy seasons, creating an intermittent water flow called Petnica, flowing into Đetinja river. The upper hall has lightened tourist trail, 555 m long, reachable by a circular staircase of over 700 stairs. The hall with stalactites and stalagmites is still geologically active, and is protected from outer atmosphere by an iron gate.</p><br>
<p>Seen from the inside, the main entrance resembles the shape of the mammoth. The cave was explored by the geographer Jovan Cvijić in the 19th century and by Radenko Lazarević in the mid-20th century. A rare form of speleothems, helictites, developed in the cave. The speleothems are given jocular names: Single guy, Uncle Ljuba and his cats, Eagle on the rock, Snow White and the seven dwarfs. The largest hall is called Cvijić hall. In the lower section of the cave, artifacts were discovered which show that the Neolithic people inhabited the cave. The cave&#39;s open season is from April to November and in 2016 it had 7,000 visitors. Additional attractions in the vicinity of the cave include numerous trout fish ponds along the Petnica and the adjoining restaurants, so as the village tourism in the villages of Potpeć, and especially, Zlakuse, known for its pottery.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall of Old Colorado City is a Richardsonian Romanesque Revival building from the Old Colorado City of Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was a city hall after it was built in 1888, but shortly after was used for other purposes including Hibbits Antique & Furniture Store. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is a 2 storied building with a tower made of rough-textured stone and brick. The front of the built has 2 wagon doors under 2 masonry arches. Besides city offices, it was also first a jail and firehouse. The tower originally probably had a bell to alarm residents of the fire. It was built for Old Colorado City that was incorporated in 1887 at a cost of $5,000.</p><br>
<p>Most of the brothels and saloons were located between the 2400 and 2700 blocks of Colorado Avenue, often requiring hiring of transportation to transport arrested individuals to the jail. A new building was built at 26th and Cucharras in the late 1880s to more conveniently place prisoners in jail.</p><br>
<p>The former city hall served as a school from 1892 to 1902. It was called Ward School and Whittier School. It was then a hotel. The building was a bottling plant and garage in the 1930s and 1940s. Since then, the building has been used for commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Alliance Commercial Historic District, located roughly along Box Butte Ave. in Alliance, Nebraska is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It includes Romanesque and Mission/Spanish Revival architecture amidst its 44 contributing buildings over 17.4 acre.</p><br>
<p>The city of Alliance was founded in 1888 with the arrival of a railroad. Its commercial district, which includes some "high style" buildings including an Art Deco theatre and a neo-classical style post office, are included in the district along with other late 1800s and early 1900s buildings. Its oldest buildings date from 1893. Its NRHP nomination asserted that the district was mostly intact and "is able to evoke a sense of historic time and place."</p><br>
<p>The ELY Wind River Diversion Dam Bridge is a Warren pony truss bridge located near Morton, Wyoming, which carries Fremont County Road CN10-24 across the Wind River. The bridge&#39;s structure is integrated with the Wind River Diversion Dam; it was the first truss bridge to be connected with a dam during its construction. The Taggart Construction Company built the bridge from 1924 to 1925. The bridge is 655 ft long and has eight spans, making it both the longest road truss bridge in Wyoming and the road bridge with the most spans in the state.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of 31 bridges added to the National Register for its role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs City Hall is a municipal building in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1904, the 2 story Classical Revival building was the municipal center for the City of Colorado Springs until 1980. The building is constructed of Chaffee County granite.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the building held the mayor&#39;s office, city council chambers and city agencies, some of which are the police department, water department and offices for the city clerk, auditor, treasurer, attorney, health physicians, and engineer. The police department moved out of the building in 1963. In 1980 city legislative and administrative offices were moved to 30 N. Nevada; Municipal courtrooms remained in the building. In 1997 the courtrooms moved to the Robert M. Isaac Municipal Court Building. The building removed vacant for a couple of years.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall was renovated between 1999 and 2000. The City Hall reopened in November 2001 and the mayor&#39;s office, city council, budget office, public communication office and city manager office moved into City Hall.</p><br>
<p>During the 1999-2000 renovation, the Statue of Liberty, which had sat on the front lawn, was removed. It was returned on May 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the mayors position became full-time and assumed the responsibilities of the City Manager. The City Managers position was eliminated. Rather than an Assistant City Manager, the mayor has a full-time Chief of Staff.</p><br>
<h2>City government</h2><br>
<h3>City council</h3><br>
<p>City council meetings are held in the Council Chambers on the 2nd and 4th Tuesdays of the month. Working sessions are held the Monday prior to the City Council meetings. The meetings may be viewed on the Internet using SpringsTV Newscast.</p><br>
<h3>Downtown Review Board</h3><br>
<p>The Downtown Review Board meets at City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Riverton Railroad Depot is a historic railway station located at 1st and Main Streets in Riverton, Wyoming. The depot was built by the Chicago and North Western Railway from 1906 to 1907 along a new line through central Wyoming built by the railway in 1906. The city of Riverton formed only two weeks before the railroad reached it when land in the area opened to new residents under the Homestead Act. The railroad spurred economic development in the region by exporting agricultural products and oil and creating demand for the local coal and lumber industries. When the railroad industry declined after World War II, the Chicago and North Western gradually decreased its service west of Casper, and by 1974 it was prepared to demolish the Riverton station as well. A group of Riverton residents instead bought and restored the depot, which now houses businesses. The depot is the last surviving Chicago and North Western station west of Casper.</p><br>
<p>The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Steele Homestead is a historic homestead located along Wyoming Highway 191 northeast of Boulder, Wyoming. The homestead was established in 1886 by Ed P. Steele, who built a one-room cabin at the site; this cabin was expanded several times until it grew to eight rooms after a 1908 addition. Steele and his family operated and added land to the ranch until it reached a peak of 3,000 acres; by this point, the Steeles owned 600 cattle and 100 horses. Meanwhile, the ranch continued to add buildings, including a main barn and several sheds; it now has seventeen buildings, fourteen of which are contributing buildings to its National Register listing. Steele&#39;s children all stayed in the ranching business, and the homestead is still owned by his descendents.</p><br>
<p>The homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Locust Level is a historic home and farm located at Montvale, Bedford County, Virginia. It was built about 1824, and is a two-story, brick, central-passage-plan I-house with fine exterior and interior Federal-style detailing. It has a standing seam metal roof. Attached to the rear is a two-story mortise-and-tenon frame wing known variously as the Hall or the Dance Hall. Also on the property are a contributing kitchen and dining room building, a free-standing chimney, a meat house, spring house, family cemetery, and three mounting blocks.</p><br>
<p>The home was built about 1822-1824 by Paschal and Frances Ann Otey Buford, on land that belonged to his father, Henry Buford. Frances Ann Matthews Otey Buford was part of the famous Mathews family (Virginia). The land was originally granted by George III of the United Kingdom for "service to the crown." The home has ruins of the original home of Henry Buford on the site, as well as the remains of several of the mills operated by Paschal Buford. The famous treasure described in the Beale ciphers is thought to be buried near this home.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Princeton Historic District is a 370 acre historic district located in Princeton, New Jersey that was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It stretches from Marquand Park in the west to the Eating Clubs in the East, from the Princeton Cemetery in the north to the Graduate College in the south. The district encompasses the core parts of the campuses of the Princeton Theological Seminary and Princeton University. It also includes the business district centered on Nassau Street and many historic homes, both mansions in the western section and more humble dwellings in the Witherspoon/Jackson neighborhood. Notable churches within the district include Nassau Presbyterian Church, Trinity Episcopal, Nassau Christian Center, and the Princeton University Chapel. The district is home to seven of Princetons nine, and New Jerseys fifty-eight, National Historic Landmarks, the largest concentration of such sites in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Princeton, and the world-renowned University to which it is home, has played a significant role in 300 years of American history. Not only does the town have a strong architectural heritage, it has also made notable contributions to the world of politics, religion, science, and literature.</p><br>
<p>Princetons first settlers came in the 1690s, with Quakers settling along the Stony Brook, and the Kingston Mill being built along the Millstone River. The town itself grew up in the early 18th century along an old Indian trail which became Nassau Street. The College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University in 1896, was founded in 1746 and moved to Princeton ten years later on the completion of Nassau Hall. The town sent two residents to sign the Declaration of Independence, Richard Stockton and John Witherspoon. A third former resident, Joseph Hewes, whose house, Maybury Hill, is a national historic landmark in Princeton that lies outside the historic district, also was a signer. The town was occupied by the British during the American Revolution, using Bainbridge House as their headquarters. After his famous crossing of the Delaware and victory at the Battle of Trenton, George Washington led the Continental Army to victory at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. Nassau Hall itself served as the capital of the United States in the summer of 1783 and George Washington received the nations thanks there.</p><br>
<p>Princeton was home to four presidents, James Madison and Woodrow Wilson as students, the later also as university president, Grover Cleveland in the years after he left the White House, and John F. Kennedy during his freshman year, before his transfer to Harvard. Aaron Burr, Jr. was a student here before being Vice-President of the United States and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery at the feet of his more highly esteemed father, Aaron Burr, Sr., and theologian grandfather, Jonathan Edwards. Many noted architects from Benjamin Latrobe and Ralph Adams Cram to I.M. Pei and Frank Gehry have left their mark on the town. As home to the oldest Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Princeton has been host to many important theologians from Archibald Alexander and Samuel Miller to Charles Hodge and B.B. Warfield. Joseph Henry brought Princeton first to prominence as a center of science, a legacy that led Albert Einstein to make Princeton&#39;s Institute for Advanced Study his home after he fled Germany in 1933. Princeton has also been home to writers as varied as Thomas Mann, Upton Sinclair, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Toni Morrison.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmarks</h3><br>
<h3>Independently listed on the National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<h3>Other significant contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>The Kastelberg is the fourth highest summit of the Vosges Mountains. It is located on the border between the French regions of Alsace and Lorraine.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In German Kastelberg means mountain of the castle.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is divided between the French municipalities of La Bresse (dep. of Vosges, Lorraine) and Metzeral (dep. of Haut-Rhin, Alsace).</p><br>
<p>Nearby the mountain, on its Lorraine side, there is the ski resort of La Bresse, which offers an area served by skilifts ranging from 650 metres to 1350 metres as well as 50 km of cross country ski trails.</p><br>
<p>A locality of the Kastelberg named Wormsawald-Ammelthal (literally swallow&#39;s nest) harbours the most sturdy snowfield of the Vosges, which usually lasts up to July or, remarkably, to August.)</p><br>
<p>8 West Third Street is a 126 ft nine-story skyscraper in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, also known as the Wachovia Bank and Trust Company Building. It was built in 1911 as the headquarters of Wachovia Bank and Trust, with the ninth floor added in 1917. It was Winston-Salems first steel frame skyscraper, built in the Renaissance Revival style, and it was the citys tallest building from 1911 until the OHanlon Building was built in 1915, and again from 1917 until the completion of Hotel Robert E. Lee in 1921. The Wachovia Bank and Trust Company Building served as the banks headquarters until a new headquarters was built in 1966. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1984, as "Wachovia Bank and Trust Company Building".</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Milburn, Heister & Company.</p><br>
<p>Crevasse Crag is a jagged steep-sided prominence on the summit of a glaciated mountain ridge in the Lillooet Ranges of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located about southeast of the village of Pemberton. Situated on the boundary between New Westminster Land District and Kamloops Division Yale Land District, the peak has a maximum elevation of and a topographic prominence of.</p><br>
<p>The name of the peak was adopted on March 31, 1969 as submitted by climber Christian Adam. It is named after the large crevasse directly below its north ridge. Prior to its adoption in 1969, Crevasse Crag was climbed by Adam et al. on August 16, 1967.</p><br>
<p>Technically, Crevasse Crag is the remains of an extinct volcano that formed during the onset of Pemberton Belt volcanism 16 million years ago. This activity produced breccias, tuffs and plagioclase-phyric flows, all of which form the present day edifice of Crevasse Crag. Analyses of major, trace and rare-earth elements indicate that dacite, andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows form its lower flanks. These overlie Late Cretaceous and younger intrusive rocks that form the glaciated mountain ridge on which Crevasse Crag lies.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs Public Library-Carnegie Building is a Neo-classical library building in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Funded by the Andrew Carnegie Library Fund. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is associated with the City Beautiful movement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie donated $60,000 for the construction of the library. One side of the library is semi-circular with a continuous ornamental balcony and a view of Pikes Peak and the Rocky Mountains. The building is made of granite, gray Tennessee marble, Breche Violette marble, sandstone and Roman-shaped gray hydraulic press brick. Inside the library the building had reading rooms, space for 17,000 volumes, an auditorium, and a reference room. Calvin Kiessling, the architect for the building, said "the building lends itself to all the requirements of modern library purposes and affords its patrons the unrestricted enjoyment of the beauties of the distant mountains and immediate surrounding."</p><br>
<p>The Penrose Library was built in 1967 as an addition to the library. The Carnegie Library has a "cherished" collection on the city&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The Carnegie building holds genealogy and regional history collections, which include books, archives, manuscripts, photographs, periodical and maps. Besides print materials, the library has access to genealogical databases and is a FamilySearch affiliate library.</p><br>
<h2>Demonstration garden</h2><br>
<p>A demonstration garden was opened in 2007 alongside the library. It was created by a Master Gardner, library staff and volunteers. The purpose of the garden is to provide a retreat space in the city and place to learn about plants selected for the Colorado Springs climate. The garden area has sculptures made by local artists, benches, stone walls, and a stage.</p><br>
<p>Cifax Rural Historic District is a national historic district located near Cifax, Bedford County, Virginia. It encompasses 51 contributing buildings, 7 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures. The district includes the</p><br>
<p>dwellings and outbuildings of prominent families, the houses of the poor and middling farmers and the laborers who in part depended on them for employment, and the stores, schools, and churches that served them. Notable buildings include the Dillard-Coffey House, Logwood-Williams House, Old Nazareth</p><br>
<p>Methodist Episcopal Church, Poplar Springs Baptist Church, Cifax School, The Cedars, Noell-Lankford House, Poindexter-Ellett-Higginbotham Farm, and Glen Alpine designed by architect Pendleton S. Clark with landscaping by Charles F. Gillette.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Soledad Pass, elevation 3,209 ft, is a mountain pass in northern Los Angeles County, California.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the highest point along Soledad Canyon, which winds between the Sierra Pelona Mountains to the northwest and the San Gabriel Mountains to the southeast. The pass provides a direct route between the Santa Clara River watershed and the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert.</p><br>
<p>The pass is also notable as the highest saddle between two major mountain ranges, the San Bernardino Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation route</h2><br>
<p>Soledad Pass is the lowest crossing of the Great Basin Divide between the Sierra Nevada and the San Bernardino Mountains, so it is traversed by one railroad line and three highways.</p><br>
<p>The railroad route is a former main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, now part of Union Pacific Railroad. The importance of the railroad line for freight traffic diminished with the completion of the Palmdale Cutoff over Cajon Pass in the 1960s. The route is now used for the Antelope Valley Line of the Metrolink commuter rail system, and most Union Pacific intermodal trains and the Saugus local as well as the Vulcan rock train. The Vincent Grade/Acton station lies near the summit of Soledad Pass. A proposed alignment of the California High Speed Rail system utilizes this mountain pass.</p><br>
<p>The Antelope Valley Freeway (State Route 14), the Sierra Highway (formerly USA 6), and the Angeles Forest Highway (County Route N3) all use Soledad Pass.</p><br>
<p>Colorado Springs Day Nursery is a school in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colorado Springs Day Nursery Association</h3><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs Day Nursery Association was founded in 1897 by 14 women to provide child care for working women. In the 1900s medical services were provided to children. The daily fees were 10¢ for the first child in a family and 5¢ for each additional child. The association became part of the Community Chest, now United Way, in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Alice Bemis Taylor was one of the founders of the day care center and wrote in a letter to the Nursery&#39;s board in 1915: "If we did not hope for more than we can accomplish, we would not be working up to a higher ideal." She funded the construction of the Colorado Springs Day Nursery building in memory of her mother, Alice Cogswell Bemis. Christmas 1923, the new Tudor building was opened and $20 gold pieces ($250 in 2009 dollars) were handed out to workers who had built the nursery building. It was then called the Colorado Springs Day Nursery and Taylor was its president. The building construction cost was $262,040.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the nursery offered residential and day care services for children. A wading pool was dedicated in that decade. In the 1940s the cost for residential care was $10 per child. Licensing began in the 1940s. In the 1950s, the nursery offered care for dependent and neglected children, it provided care for up to 105 children, and had a 14 bed infirmary installed. The nursery was able to care for up to 122 children in the 1960s. Overnight care was discontinued in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Early Connections Learning Centers</h3><br>
<p>In 1973, the nursery association merged with the Child Day Care Center and their resulting organization was named the Child Nursery Centers. In addition to the Colorado Springs Day Nursery Center on East Rio Grande, there are also locations at Antlers Place, South Chelton (1974, relocated to South Chelton in 1984) and Sand Creek Center (1995). In 2000 the organization began the Home Network program that partnered with child care providers. In 2003 the organization opened Court Care, in partnership with Court Care for the Pikes Peak Region, to provide child care while parents attended to "court related activities." In 2008 2 school age sites were opened in the Harrison School district. The organization changed their name to Early Connections Learning Centers in 2010. The organization said that the new name "better reflected our broad range of services for children and families."</p><br>
<p>Early Connections Learning Centers implemented a Professional Development Program and in 2001 through 2003 was nominated for El Pomar Foundation&#39;s "Award for Excellence".</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>The Day Nursery can provides services for up to 171 children, aged 2 1/2 to 14 years of age. There are 2 classrooms for school age children and 3 classrooms for preschool children. They partner with the Community Partnership For Child Development, including the Head Start Program, and the Colorado Preschool Program in Colorado Springs School District 11. It became National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) accredited in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Father DeSmet&#39;s Prairie Mass Site, located about one mile east of Daniel, Wyoming, is the site of the first Catholic mass in Wyoming. The mass was conducted on July 5, 1840, by Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet. A congregation of 2,000 people, composed of Native Americans, trappers, and traders from the region, attended the service. A stone altar was constructed for the mass and a granite cross enclosed by a small chapel was later added to the altar site. The service was one of the earliest Christian religious ceremonies conducted in the Rocky Mountain region. The Prairie Mass Site lies approximately at the confluence of the Green River and its tributary Horse Creek.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 28, 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Trappers Point Site is an archaeological site located near Pinedale, Wyoming. The site, which dates to the Early Archaic period, is the oldest known location used for the mass killing of pronghorn antelope. In addition, a large number of projectile points have been found at the site; the variety of projectile point designs at the site have helped establish how these tools developed, and the presence of points from many parts of the Green River valley have aided in determining prehistoric migration patterns. The site has been called "a major discovery in Wyoming archaeology" and "one of the key sites in Wyoming".</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 2007. A pulloff on United States Route 191 west of Pinedale overlooks the site, with interpretive panels.</p><br>
